This book makes economics fun to read. “Countries that
are rich or rapidly growing have embraced the basic lessons of economics we have
learned in this book: fight scarcity power and corruption; correct
externalities; try to maximise information; get the incentives right; engage
with other countries; and most of all embrace markets, which do most of these
jobs at the same time.”
“The economist can show that allowing lots of skilled
immigrants will help control the gap between skilled and unskilled wages, while
allowing unskilled immigrants will do the reverse. What societies and their
leaders do with the information is another matter….It is hard to wield the
models that underlie such subjects and remain unmoved by the real world behind
them. So economists often step beyond their role as engineers of economic
policy and become advocates.”
“While the perfectly competitive market is perfectly
efficient, efficiency is not enough to ensure a fair society, or even a society
in which we would want to live…What we need is a way to make our economies both
efficient and fair.”
“Taxes are often higher when price sensitivity is
low…If you think that taxes on petrol are motivated by environmental concerns,
think again: despite the environmental impacts of air travel, electricity and
domestic heating, 90 percent of all “environmental” taxes in the UK in 2009
were paid by motorists.”
“But the old dilemma between efficiency and fairness
was about to be shuttered by a young New Yorker called Kenneth Arrow…He proved
that not only are all perfect markets efficient, all efficient outcomes can be achieved using a competitive market, by
adjusting the starting position.”
Reading this book will give you a glimpse how
externality charges can help tackle environmental problems or how auctions can
be used to run electricity networks; why globalisation is green or free trade
is good for most people; why markets speak the truth and why government action
is most important at the margin; why rents are high, why second-hand cars tend
to be cheap and of poor quality and why health insurance cannot be provided by
the private sector alone. Finally, why China has
managed to grow while the former Soviet Union did not
and why poor countries are poor: "...there is nothing to hold the
consequences of ambition or self-interest in check". “Shock therapy” is
seldom the best cure.
Harford attempts to explain what went wrong with the
banking crisis. His explanation of “rotten eggs and rotten investments” is not very
comprehensible but basically he claims that the design of collateralised debt
obligations contained mathematical errors that increased, instead of
decreasing, the risk to investors and the banks. As a result the Greenspan
doctrine was shuttered. “This doctrine held that self-interest was the best
guardian of bank’s balance sheets…Mr Greenspan admitted that he had been wrong. He told Congress,
‘Those of us who have looked to the self–interest of lending institutions to
protect shareholder’s equity – myself especially – are in a state of shocked
disbelief’.” That was in October 2008. I
wish that the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus , Mr
Orphanides, took note then. If he did, he might have attempted to limit the blunder
of Cypriot Banks to expose themselves to the Greek sovereign debt and the Greek
market, to the extend that this is threatening to cause Cyprus a long
recession in 2012!
The author points out in his book that bailing out the
banks should not necessarily cost the taxpayer any money. “The Treasury even
turned a profit, because the banks paid fees for these {government} guarantees Other
money was spend injecting capital into the banks; the British government received
shares in the banks; this transaction may also make a profit…Pietro Veronesi
and Luigi Zingales, two economists at the University of Chicago, studied the
effect of the US bailout that saw Treasury Secretary Henry ‘Hank’ Paulson call
bank bosses to a meeting on 13 October 2008, shortly after the collapse of
Lehman Brothers. Paulson stumped up $125 billion of US taxpayers’ money in
exchange for shares in US
banks…The treasury also guaranteed new issues of bank debt. Veronesi and
Zingales concluded that Paulson’s move cost taxpayers $20 billion-$45 billion…Three
weeks before Paulson’s gift, the world’s most successful investor, Warren
Buffett, had injected capital into Goldman Sachs, and he had secured more
generous terms. Veronesi and Zingales reckon that if Paulson had successfully
demanded Buffett’s terms, the taxpayer would have made more than $40 billion, a
roughly even split with the Bank’s creditors. The bailout was worth doing. It’s
just a shame that Mr. Paulson didn’t drive a harder bargain.”
The book gives an account of the consequences of the
banking crisis: “As the banks teetered on the brink of collapse, they tried to
suck up as much cash as possible to prevent their bankruptcy…Business suddenly
found their access to credit drying up, consumers spent less, feeling the same
pressures. Potentially healthy businesses were crushed by the financial
turmoil. Andy Haldane reckons the crisis could have lowered the UK’s national
income by 10 per cent – and put it on a permanently lower trajectory…It’s
because the economy has shrunk so much that taxes must rise and government
spending must fall if the government’s books are to balance – not because the
government threw money at bailing out the banks.”
Harford claims that “In the end, economics is about
people – something that economists have done a very bad job in explaining. And
economic growth is about a better life for individuals – more choice, less
fear, less toil and hardship.” I wish he was right. Economics is definitely
about understanding people and their behaviour. But I am afraid that, just like
in any other profession, there are too many economists employed by special
interest groups trying to promote their self-interest without any checks.